在网络编程中,UDP运用非常广泛。很多网络协议是基于UDP来实现的,如SNMP等。大家常常用到的局域网文件传输软件飞鸽传书也是基于UDP实现的。
本篇文章跟大家分享linux下UDP的使用和实现,主要介绍下sendto()和recvfrom()两个函数的使用,以及INADDR_ANY的说明,并在最后展示了一个经过自己测试可用的UDP Server和UDP Client的代码示例。
头文件
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h>
函数原型
int sendto (int s, const void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen); int recvfrom(int s, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr *from, int *fromlen);
函数说明
sendto(),是把UDP数据报发给指定地址;recvfrom()是从指定地址接收UDP数据报。
参数说明
- \s: socket描述符。
- \buf: UDP数据报缓存地址。
- \len: UDP数据报长度。
- \flags: 该参数一般为0。
- \to: sendto()函数参数,struct sockaddr_in类型,指明UDP数据发往哪里报。
- \tolen: 对方地址长度,一般为:sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)。
- \fromlen:recvfrom()函数参数,struct sockaddr_in类型,指明从哪里接收UDP数据报。
函数返回值
对于sendto()函数,成功则返回实际传送出去的字符数,失败返回-1,错误原因存于errno 中。
对于recvfrom()函数,成功则返回接收到的字符数,失败则返回-1,错误原因存于errno中。
struct sockaddr_in结构体
该结构体的定义如下:
/* Structure describing an Internet (IP) socket address. */ #define __SOCK_SIZE__ 16 /* sizeof(struct sockaddr) */ struct sockaddr_in { sa_family_t sin_family; /* Address family */ __be16 sin_port; /* Port number */ struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address */ /* Pad to size of `struct sockaddr'. */ unsigned char __pad[__SOCK_SIZE__ - sizeof(short int) - sizeof(unsigned short int) - sizeof(struct in_addr)]; };
其中,sin_family指明地址族,一般使用AF_INET:
#define AF_INET 2 /* Internet IP Protocol */
sin_port:指明UDP端口;sin_addr指明IP地址:
/* Internet address. */ struct in_addr { __be32 s_addr; };
INADDR_ANY说明
INADDR_ANY,是个特殊IP地址 ,表示任务的IP地址,作为服务器端的时候经常要用到。对于它的解释,摘用下面一段英文(来自于:http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~srini/15-441/F01.full/www/assignments/P2/htmlsim_split/node18.html):
When you wrote your simple FTP server in project 1, you probably bound your listening socket to the special IP address INADDR_ANY. This allowed your program to work without knowing the IP address of the machine it was running on, or, in the case of a machine with multiple network interfaces, it allowed your server to receive packets destined to any of the interfaces. In reality, the semantics of INADDR_ANY are more complex and involved.
In the simulator, INADDR_ANY has the following semantics: When receiving, a socket bound to this address receives packets from all interfaces. For example, suppose that a host has interfaces 0, 1 and 2. If a UDP socket on this host is bound using INADDR_ANY and udp port 8000, then the socket will receive all packets for port 8000 that arrive on interfaces 0, 1, or 2. If a second socket attempts to Bind to port 8000 on interface 1, the Bind will fail since the first socket already “owns” that port/interface.
When sending, a socket bound with INADDR_ANY binds to the default IP address, which is that of the lowest-numbered interface.
大概的意思就是,作为接收端,当你调用bind()函数绑定IP时使用INADDR_ANY,表明接收来自任意IP、任意网卡的发给指定端口的数据。作为发送端,当用调用bind()函数绑定IP时使用INADDR_ANY,表明使用网卡号最低的网卡进行发送数据,也就是UDP数据广播。
关于UDP数据报
UDP都是以数据报的形式进行发送和接收的,而TCP是以数据流的形式进行发送和接收的。数据报和数据流,这两者要区分开来。
UDP Server和Client源码实例
UDP Server:
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #define UDP_TEST_PORT 50001 int main(int argC, char* arg[]) { struct sockaddr_in addr; int sockfd, len = 0; int addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); char buffer[256]; /* 建立socket,注意必须是SOCK_DGRAM */ if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) { perror ("socket"); exit(1); } /* 填写sockaddr_in 结构 */ bzero(&addr, sizeof(addr)); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_port = htons(UDP_TEST_PORT); addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY) ;// 接收任意IP发来的数据 /* 绑定socket */ if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr))<0) { perror("connect"); exit(1); } while(1) { bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer)); len = recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr ,&addr_len); /* 显示client端的网络地址和收到的字符串消息 */ printf("Received a string from client %s, string is: %s\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr), buffer); /* 将收到的字符串消息返回给client端 */ sendto(sockfd,buffer, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, addr_len); } return 0; } // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- // End of udp_server.c
UDP Client:
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #define UDP_TEST_PORT 50001 #define UDP_SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1" int main(int argC, char* arg[]) { struct sockaddr_in addr; int sockfd, len = 0; int addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); char buffer[256]; /* 建立socket,注意必须是SOCK_DGRAM */ if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) { perror("socket"); exit(1); } /* 填写sockaddr_in*/ bzero(&addr, sizeof(addr)); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_port = htons(UDP_TEST_PORT); addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(UDP_SERVER_IP); while(1) { bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer)); printf("Please enter a string to send to server: \n"); /* 从标准输入设备取得字符串*/ len = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); /* 将字符串传送给server端*/ sendto(sockfd, buffer, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, addr_len); /* 接收server端返回的字符串*/ len = recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addr_len); printf("Receive from server: %s\n", buffer); } return 0; } // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- // End of udp_client.c
上述代码是经过验证可用的。
int addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
linux 上要求变量的类型是unsigned的